{
  "version": 2,
  "updatedAt": "2026-08-19",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://cognitive-biases.github.io/observatory/trends/",
  "methodology": {
    "unit": "signal occurrences per observed headline",
    "comparabilityRule": "Trend calculations use only one comparable series at a time: the same provider and sampling mode. Other snapshots remain visible but are excluded from the trend calculation.",
    "seriesSelectionRule": "Choose the provider-and-sampling-mode series with the most snapshots; break ties by the most recent observation.",
    "trendMethod": "ordinary least squares slope across chronological snapshot-level rates within the selected comparable series",
    "trendThreshold": 0.03,
    "minimumSnapshots": 3,
    "sourceComparisonUnit": "signal occurrences per unique headline URL",
    "minimumUniqueHeadlinesPerSource": 5,
    "warning": "These measurements describe visible headline wording in provider samples. They do not measure truth, intent, outlet quality, audience effects or psychological bias."
  },
  "topics": [
    {
      "slug": "ai-and-work",
      "title": "AI and work",
      "description": "How public coverage frames AI-related jobs, hiring, layoffs, workforce change and labor-market uncertainty.",
      "active": true,
      "comparisonKey": "curated-public-metadata-pilot::curated-demonstration",
      "comparableProvider": "curated-public-metadata-pilot",
      "comparableSamplingMode": "curated-demonstration",
      "snapshotCount": 1,
      "totalSnapshotCount": 1,
      "excludedSnapshotCount": 0,
      "observationCount": 6,
      "totalObservationCount": 6,
      "trendReady": false,
      "readiness": "insufficient-history",
      "minimumSnapshotsRequired": 3,
      "snapshotsNeeded": 2,
      "latest": {
        "snapshotId": "ai-and-work-pilot-2026-08-19",
        "topicSlug": "ai-and-work",
        "collectedAt": "2026-08-19T10:45:00Z",
        "date": "2026-08-19",
        "samplingMode": "curated-demonstration",
        "provider": "curated-public-metadata-pilot",
        "comparisonKey": "curated-public-metadata-pilot::curated-demonstration",
        "recordCount": 6,
        "uniqueDomains": 5,
        "sourceDiversity": 0.833,
        "rates": {
          "gainFrame": 0.333,
          "lossFrame": 0.333,
          "uncertainty": 0.5,
          "certainty": 0.167,
          "salience": 0.5,
          "authority": 0.333,
          "socialProof": 0,
          "numericalEmphasis": 0,
          "questionForm": 0.167
        }
      },
      "series": [
        {
          "snapshotId": "ai-and-work-pilot-2026-08-19",
          "topicSlug": "ai-and-work",
          "collectedAt": "2026-08-19T10:45:00Z",
          "date": "2026-08-19",
          "samplingMode": "curated-demonstration",
          "provider": "curated-public-metadata-pilot",
          "comparisonKey": "curated-public-metadata-pilot::curated-demonstration",
          "recordCount": 6,
          "uniqueDomains": 5,
          "sourceDiversity": 0.833,
          "rates": {
            "gainFrame": 0.333,
            "lossFrame": 0.333,
            "uncertainty": 0.5,
            "certainty": 0.167,
            "salience": 0.5,
            "authority": 0.333,
            "socialProof": 0,
            "numericalEmphasis": 0,
            "questionForm": 0.167
          }
        }
      ],
      "excludedSnapshots": [],
      "availableSeries": [
        {
          "comparisonKey": "curated-public-metadata-pilot::curated-demonstration",
          "snapshotCount": 1,
          "latestAt": "2026-08-19T10:45:00Z"
        }
      ],
      "trends": {
        "gainFrame": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "lossFrame": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "uncertainty": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "certainty": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "salience": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "authority": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "socialProof": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "numericalEmphasis": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "questionForm": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "ai-and-education",
      "title": "AI and education",
      "description": "How public coverage frames AI in schools, universities, teaching, learning and student work.",
      "active": true,
      "comparisonKey": null,
      "comparableProvider": null,
      "comparableSamplingMode": null,
      "snapshotCount": 0,
      "totalSnapshotCount": 0,
      "excludedSnapshotCount": 0,
      "observationCount": 0,
      "totalObservationCount": 0,
      "trendReady": false,
      "readiness": "insufficient-history",
      "minimumSnapshotsRequired": 3,
      "snapshotsNeeded": 3,
      "latest": null,
      "series": [],
      "excludedSnapshots": [],
      "availableSeries": [],
      "trends": {
        "gainFrame": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "lossFrame": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "uncertainty": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "certainty": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "salience": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "authority": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "socialProof": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "numericalEmphasis": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "questionForm": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "misinformation-and-verification",
      "title": "Misinformation and verification",
      "description": "How public coverage frames misinformation, verification, fact-checking, corrections and uncertain claims.",
      "active": true,
      "comparisonKey": null,
      "comparableProvider": null,
      "comparableSamplingMode": null,
      "snapshotCount": 0,
      "totalSnapshotCount": 0,
      "excludedSnapshotCount": 0,
      "observationCount": 0,
      "totalObservationCount": 0,
      "trendReady": false,
      "readiness": "insufficient-history",
      "minimumSnapshotsRequired": 3,
      "snapshotsNeeded": 3,
      "latest": null,
      "series": [],
      "excludedSnapshots": [],
      "availableSeries": [],
      "trends": {
        "gainFrame": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "lossFrame": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "uncertainty": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "certainty": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "salience": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "authority": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "socialProof": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "numericalEmphasis": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "questionForm": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "risk-and-extreme-events",
      "title": "Risk and extreme events",
      "description": "How public coverage of high-impact events uses danger, uncertainty, salience and numerical emphasis.",
      "active": true,
      "comparisonKey": null,
      "comparableProvider": null,
      "comparableSamplingMode": null,
      "snapshotCount": 0,
      "totalSnapshotCount": 0,
      "excludedSnapshotCount": 0,
      "observationCount": 0,
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      "trendReady": false,
      "readiness": "insufficient-history",
      "minimumSnapshotsRequired": 3,
      "snapshotsNeeded": 3,
      "latest": null,
      "series": [],
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      "trends": {
        "gainFrame": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "lossFrame": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "uncertainty": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "certainty": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "salience": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "authority": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "socialProof": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "numericalEmphasis": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        },
        "questionForm": {
          "slope": null,
          "direction": "not-ready"
        }
      }
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "domain": "reuters.com",
      "headlineCount": 2,
      "topicCount": 1,
      "topics": [
        "ai-and-work"
      ],
      "comparisonReady": false,
      "minimumHeadlinesRequired": 5,
      "rates": {
        "gainFrame": 0,
        "lossFrame": 0.5,
        "uncertainty": 0.5,
        "certainty": 0.5,
        "salience": 0,
        "authority": 1,
        "socialProof": 0,
        "numericalEmphasis": 0,
        "questionForm": 0
      }
    },
    {
      "domain": "apnews.com",
      "headlineCount": 1,
      "topicCount": 1,
      "topics": [
        "ai-and-work"
      ],
      "comparisonReady": false,
      "minimumHeadlinesRequired": 5,
      "rates": {
        "gainFrame": 0,
        "lossFrame": 1,
        "uncertainty": 1,
        "certainty": 0,
        "salience": 2,
        "authority": 0,
        "socialProof": 0,
        "numericalEmphasis": 0,
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      }
    },
    {
      "domain": "ft.com",
      "headlineCount": 1,
      "topicCount": 1,
      "topics": [
        "ai-and-work"
      ],
      "comparisonReady": false,
      "minimumHeadlinesRequired": 5,
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      }
    },
    {
      "domain": "openai.com",
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      "minimumHeadlinesRequired": 5,
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    },
    {
      "domain": "wsj.com",
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      "minimumHeadlinesRequired": 5,
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        "gainFrame": 1,
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      }
    }
  ]
}